Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

Of the various chemical elements we know, there is an element whose scope is very broad and very deep discussion on the CARBON. Carbon has an atomic number of 6 so the number of electrons also 6, the configuration 6C = 2, 4. This can be seen from the electron configuration C atom has four valence electrons (electrons in the outer shell.) In order to obtain 8 electrons (octet) in the outermost shell (valence electrons) needs 4 electrons so that each electron valence electron pairs by looking for the other atoms. The specificity of the carbon atom is its ability to bind to other carbon atoms forming the carbon chain. Forms of carbon chains are the simplest hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons are composed of two elements, namely hydrogen and carbon.
Based on the number of other C atoms bonded to one C atom in the carbon chain, the C atom is divided into:
a. Primary C atom, the C atom that binds the C atom to another. b. Secondary C atom, the C atom bound to two other C atoms. c. Tertiary C atom, the C atom that binds the other three C atoms. d. Kwarterner C atoms, the atom C that bind to four other C atoms.
Based on the form of carbon chain:
• Hydrocarbons aliphatic hydrocarbons with chain = straight / open saturated (single bond / alkanes) and unsaturated (double bond / alkene or alkyne). • Hydrocarbons = alicyclic hydrocarbons with chain circular / closed (ring). • Aromatic Hydrocarbons = hydrocarbons with chain circular (ring) having a single bond between atoms C and dual alternately / alternating (conjugated)
Based on the existing bonds in the C chain, aliphatic hydrocarbons distinguished by: 1. Alkanes (CnH2n +2) 2. Alkenes (CnH2n) 3. Alkynes (CnH2n-2)
Description: n = 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. .......

Alkanes (Paraffin)
is its hydrocarbon chain C consists of only a single covalent bonds only. often referred to as saturated hydrocarbons .... as the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule tiap2 maximum. Understanding Alkanes nomenclature is vital, as the basis for naming senyawa2 other carbon.

Properties of Alkanes 1. Saturated hydrocarbons (no bond C atom duplicate so its maximum number of H atoms) 2. Called paraffin as affinity groups small (little affinity) 3. It is difficult to react 4. Form Alkanes with a chain C1 - C4 is a gas at room temperature, C4 - C17 is a liquid at ambient temperature and> C18 is a solid at room temperature 5. Boiling point is higher for C elements ... and if it increases the number of C atoms together so that branches have a lower boiling point 6. Solubility properties: easily soluble in non-polar solvents 7. Density rose with increasing the number of elements of C 8. Is a major source of natural gas and petroleum (crude oil) General formula CnH2n +2
Chemical properties
Alkanes are nonpolar compound that does not react with most reagents. This is due to alkanes have strong sigma bonds between the carbon atoms. In certain circumstances alkanes can react with oxygen and halogen elements.
If the amount of oxygen available sufficient alkane would be perfect in oxidize carbon dioxide and water vapor as well as the release of some thermal energy. If the amount of oxygen available is insufficient, the results obtained by the reaction of carbon and water vapor monooksida.
Alkanes can react with halogen catalyzed by heat or ultraviolet light. From a change of one reaction of H atoms from alkanes related. However, if the available halogen adequate or excessive, then a change of more than one atom and even all the H atom is replaced by a halogen. According to the study the rate of change of the following H atom H3> H2> H1. Turnover reaction atoms in a compound called a substitution reaction.
Homologous series alkanes
Homologous series is a group / groups of carbon compounds with the same general formula, have similar properties and between ethnic groups have different berturutannya CH2 or in other words an open chain with no branches or branches with the same number of branches.
The properties of the homologous series of alkanes: o Have similar chemical properties o Has the same general formula o The difference between the two tribes Mr berturutannya at 14 o The longer the carbon chain, the higher the boiling point
n Formula Name
1. CH4 = methane 2. C2H6 = ethane 3. C3H8 = propane 4. Butane C4H10 = 5. C5H12 = pentane 6. C6H14 = hexane 7. C7H16 = heptane 8. Octane C8H18 = 9. C9H20 = nonana 10. C10H22 = decane 11. C11H24 = undekana 12. C12H26 = dodecane


TATA NAME alkanes
1. Alkane name is based on the longest C chain as the main chain. If there are two or more chains are longest then selected the highest number of branches 2. Branch C is a chain attached to the main chain. alkananya name written in front of the number and the name of the branch. Branch name matches the name alkanes by replacing the suffix with the suffix ana il (alkyl). 3. If there are several branches of the same, then the name of the branch that is the same amount of C mentioned once but comes with a prefix that states the amount of the entire branch. The atomic number C where the branch is bound to be written as an existing branch (which is written numbers = number prefix is ​​used), which is at = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, penta = 5 and so on. 4. For a number of branches of C is different sorted in alphabetical order (first from methyl ethyl). 5. Branch number was calculated from the end closest to the main chain with branches. If the location of the nearest branch with both starting from the same: • Branch first alphabet sequence (first of methyl ethyl) • Branches are more numerous (two first branches of the branch)
Usefulness alkanes, as:
• Fuel • Solvents • Sources of hydrogen • Lubricants • The raw material for other organic compounds • Raw materials industry
Alkane-alkane important as a fuel and as a raw material to synthesize other carbon compounds. Many alkanes found in petroleum, and can be separated into its parts by distillation steps. The first term up to four compounds gaseous alkanes at room temperature. Methane is also called natural gas is widely used as fuel for household / industrial. Propane gas, can be availed at high pressure and its use as a fuel called LPG (liquified petroleum gas). LPG is sold in steel tanks and distributed to homes. Butane gas is easier to melt than propane and is used as a "lighter" cigarettes. Octane has a boiling point where she was in a motor fuel. Alkane-alkane high temperature found in kerosene (kerosene), diesel fuel, lubricants, and paraffin that is widely used to make candles.

Alkenes (Olefins)
an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound that has one double bond 2 (-C = C-)
Properties of Alkenes • Hydrocarbons unsaturated double bonds • alkene called olefins (oil forming) • more active physiological properties (as sleeping pills -> 2-methyl-2-butene) • Properties with Alkanes, but more reactive • Properties: colorless gas, can be burned, peculiar smell, explosive in the air (at a concentration of 3-34%) • There is the ordinary coal gas in the process of "cracking" General formula CnH2n
Physical
Alkenes are nonpolar compounds that are not soluble in water and has a density of less than water. Alkenes can be dissolved in other alkenes, nonpolar solvents and ethanol. Alkenes at room temperature with two, three and four gaseous carbon atoms. While Alkenes with the higher molecular weight can be a liquid and solid at room temperature.
Chemical properties
Owned alkene double bond are characteristic of alkene called functional groups. The reaction occurs in alkenes can occur at the double bond can also occur outside of the double bond. Reactions that occur at the double bond is called an addition reaction characterized by breaking bond (π bond) to form a single bond (bond α) with a particular atom or group.
In addition to these properties can undergo polymerization reactions with alkenes can also react with oxygen to form water vapor korbondioksida and an abundant amount of oxygen, when the amount of oxygen is not sufficient then formed karbonmonooksida and water vapor.
TATA NAME alkenes
almost the same as naming Alkanes with a difference: • The main chain must contain the double bond and selected the longest. Name the major chains are also similar to alkanes by replacing the suffix-ana-ene. So the selection of the longest chain of C atoms starting from C dual to the right and left and the right and left selected the longest. • Numbers written bond position in front of the main chain and is calculated from the tip to the location of the double bond C its smallest sequence number. • Sequence number position as branch chain numbering sequence fagots main chain.
Uses Alkenes as: • Can be used as an anesthetic (mixed with O2) • To ripen fruit • industrial raw materials plastics, synthetic rubber, and alcohol.

Alkyne
an unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds having one double bond 3 (-C ≡ C-). The nature is the same as alkenes but more reactive.
General formula CnH2n-2
Tata same name with alkenes. but the suffix-ene-una replaced Uses alkyne as: • ethyne (acetylene = C2H2) is used to weld iron and steel. • for lighting • Synthesis of other compounds.
Physical properties of alkynes
* Alkyne-alkyne low interest gaseous at room temperature, while containing five or more carbon atoms in a gas. * It has a density of less than water. * Not soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as nonpolar ether, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride. * Boiling point alkyne higher with increasing number of carbon atoms, but the lower side chain or if there are more and more branching. Alkyne boiling point slightly higher than alkanes and alkynes are almost the same molecular weight.
Chemical properties
The existence of a triple bond held alkyne allows the addition reaction, polymerization, substitution and combustion
Uses alkyne
* Ethyne (acetylene) gas acetylene used for welding iron and steel or metal cutting. Reaction formation of ethyne (acetylene):
* Drafting some synthetic drugs:

Alkyl halide (haloalkane)
Alkyl halide compounds are well saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated H of the elements of his or replaced by halogens (X = Br, Cl. I)
Physical properties Alkyl halides: • Have a point higher than the boiling point of Alkanes with C the same number of elements. • Not soluble in water, but soluble in certain organic solvents. • compounds bromo, iodo and polikloro heavier than water. Alkyl halides Structure: R-X
Description: R = hydrocarbon X = Br (bromo), Cl (chloro) and I (Iodo)
Based on the alkyl in hydrocarbon divided into: • Alkyl halides primary, if the primary C atom bound • Secondary Alkyl halides, when the C atom bound secondary • Tertiary Alkyl halides, when the tertiary C atom bound CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-Cl (CH3) 2CH-Br (CH3) 3C-Br Primary secondary tertiary
Preparation of alkyl halides 1. Of alcohol 2. Halogenated 3. Addition of hydrogen halides from alkenes 4. Halogen adducts of alkenes and alkynes
The use of alkyl halides: • Chloroform (CHCl3): solvent for fats, drugs (spiked with ethanol, stored in brown bottles, filled to the brim). • Tetraklorometana = karbontetraklorida (CCl4): solvent for fats, fire extinguishers (Pyrene). • Freon (Freon 12 = CCl2F2, Freon 22 = CHCl2F): cooling refrigerator, tool "air conditioner", as a propellant (propagator) cosmetics, insecticides, etc.

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